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DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160404T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160404T000000
DTSTAMP:20260511T114937
CREATED:20200922T220214Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T005125Z
UID:4326-1459728000-1459728000@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Robbie Wilson - Costs and Benefits of Dishonest Communication: Parallels Between Cheating Crustaceans and Diving Soccer Players
DESCRIPTION:Robbie Wilson: University of QueenslandAnimals routinely compete for access to limited resources\, including food\, territories or mates. Because combat is energetically costly and increases the risk of injury or death\, individuals should avoid fighting unless they have a reasonable chance of winning. Specialised structures such as teeth\, claws or horns can be used to show off potential strength\, so that opponents can assess each other without contact and decide whether or not to escalate. In most cases\, animals should only fight when the competitors are closely matched\, possess similar perceived strengths\, and when the resources are valued highly. But what happens if the signal is difficult to interpret\, or is an unreliable indicator of strength?  Crustaceans use their claws in fighting\, but since the claw muscles are hidden within an exoskeleton\, competitors cannot determine each other’s true strength without contact. This situation allows some individuals to deceive others and gain more resources by growing large claws that appear strong but are actually weak. In this talk\, I examine the costs and benefits of dishonest communication in crustaceans to understand how such strategies evolve in nature. In addition\, I use a similar approach to explore the expression of one of the most maligned behaviours in world sport – when soccer players pretend to be kicked by opponents and ‘dive’ to the ground to fool referees. Using these very different but parallel study systems\, I will discuss how signals are kept mostly honest in nature and how this impacts human communication when aggression may be based on unreliable information.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/robbie-wilson-costs-and-benefits-of-dishonest-communication-parallels-between-cheating-crustaceans-and-diving-soccer-players/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
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BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160411T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160411T000000
DTSTAMP:20260511T114937
CREATED:20200922T220215Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T005125Z
UID:4327-1460332800-1460332800@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Rose Scott - Can Babies Read Minds? False-Belief Reasoning in Early Childhood
DESCRIPTION:Rose Scott: UC MercedA large part of our daily lives involves interpreting other people’s behavior in terms of their underlying mental states. In particular\, the capacity to recognize that others may hold and act on false beliefs plays a vital role in social interactions. The question of when and how false-belief understanding develops is currently the subject of considerable debate. In this talk\, I will present recent evidence suggesting that a robust understanding of belief is present in infancy\, but children’s ability to demonstrate this understanding depends on situational demands. I will also discuss ongoing projects that explore how cultural factors might give rise to individual variation in the use of this ability.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/rose-scott-can-babies-read-minds-false-belief-reasoning-in-early-childhood/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160418T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160418T000000
DTSTAMP:20260511T114937
CREATED:20200922T220216Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T005124Z
UID:4328-1460937600-1460937600@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Ed Vul - Do People Make Decisions Via a Bag of Error-Prone Tricks?
DESCRIPTION:Ed Vul: UC San DiegoHuman behavior is robust\, adaptable\, and\, human behavior often deviates from the utility maximizing “rational” agent. This is usually attributed to people relying on an assortment of cheap heuristics to make efficient\, but frequently biased\, decisions. While the heuristics and biases research program has highlighted the many deviations of human behavior from that of simplistic economical agents\, it has also yielded a morass of idiosyncratic\, unreliable\, and often contradictory biases\, with no method to decide which heuristics will play a role in a given situation. Here I will describe our recent progress on an alternate approach: accounting for the successes and foibles of human behavior by assuming that people are more sophisticated\, robust\, and probabilistic than simple economic agents\, but must carry out these sophisticated inferences under cognitive resource constraints. This approach yields a single framework for human decision-making: resource-rational probabilistic inference. This parsimonious\, predictive account reconciles economic and psychological models of decision making and behavior.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/ed-vul-do-people-make-decisions-via-a-bag-of-error-prone-tricks/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160425T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20160425T000000
DTSTAMP:20260511T114937
CREATED:20200922T220233Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T005124Z
UID:4336-1461542400-1461542400@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Jerry Siegel - Natural Sleep and Its Seasonal Variations in Three Pre-Industrial Societies
DESCRIPTION:Jerry Siegel: UCLAHow did humans sleep before the modern era? Because the tools to measure sleep under natural conditions were developed long after the invention of the electric devices suspected of delaying and reducing sleep\, we investigated sleep in three preindustrial societies[1-3]. We find that all three show similar sleep organization\, suggesting that they express core human sleep patterns\, likely characteristic of pre-modern era Homo sapiens. Sleep periods\, the times from onset to offset\, averaged 6.9-8.5-h\, with sleep durations of 5.7-7.1-h\, amounts near the low end of those industrial societies[4-7]. There was a difference of nearly 1-h between summer and winter sleep. Daily variation in sleep duration was strongly linked to time of onset\, rather than offset. None of these groups began sleep near sunset\, onset occurring\, on average\, 3.3-h after sunset. Awakening was usually before sunrise. The sleep period consistently occurred during the nighttime period of falling environmental temperature\, was not interrupted by extended periods of waking and terminated\, with vasoconstriction\, near the nadir of daily ambient temperature. The daily cycle of temperature change\, largely eliminated from modern sleep environments\, may be a potent natural regulator of sleep. Light exposure\, was maximal in the morning greatly decreasing at noon\, indicating that all three groups seek shade at midday and that light activation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus is maximal in the morning. Napping occurred on <7% of days in winter and <22% of days in summer. Mimicking aspects of the natural environment might be effective  in treating certain modern sleep disorders.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/jerry-siegel-natural-sleep-and-its-seasonal-variations-in-three-pre-industrial-societies/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
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