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LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T005111Z
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SUMMARY:Johanna Eckert - The Evolutionary Roots of Intuitive Statistics
DESCRIPTION:Johanna Eckert: University of California\, Los AngelesIntuitive statistics is the capacity to draw intuitive probabilistic inferences based on an understanding of the relations between populations\, sampling processes\, and resulting samples. This capacity is fundamental to our daily lives and one of the hallmarks of human thinking. We constantly use sample observations to draw general conclusions about the world\, use these generalizations to predict what will happen next and to make rational decisions under uncertainty. Historically\, statistical reasoning was thought to develop late in ontogeny and to remain error-prone throughout adulthood. In the last decade\, however\, evidence has accumulated from developmental research showing that even pre-verbal infants can reason from populations of items to randomly drawn samples and vice versa. These new insights raise a fundamental question concerning the phylogenetic origins of intuitive statistics: Is it a uniquely human capacity\, perhaps accounting for our unprecedented cognitive flexibility? Or do we share it with other animals\, most notably our closest living relatives\, the nonhuman great apes? We adapted a paradigm previously used in developmental research to study intuitive statistical abilities in sanctuary- and zoo-living apes. Specifically\, we explored the generality and flexibility of apes´ statistical capacities\, their cognitive structures and limits\, and their interaction with knowledge from other cognitive domains. Our findings indicate that apes possess statistical capacities on a par with those of human infants. Intuitive statistics\, therefore\, antedate language and mathematical thinking not only ontogenetically\, but also phylogenetically. Hence\, humans´ statistical abilities are most likely founded on an evolutionary ancient capacity shared with our closest living relatives.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/johanna-eckert-the-evolutionary-roots-of-intuitive-statistics/
CATEGORIES:2019,Past Presentation,Presentation
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DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20191125T000000
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CREATED:20200922T221048Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T005111Z
UID:4434-1574640000-1574640000@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Caitlin O'Connell - The costs and benefits of sociality explored in the semi-solitary orangutan
DESCRIPTION:Caitlin O’Connell: University of Southern CaliforniaSocial relationships are an integral part of primate life for humans and non-humans alike\, but the extent to which a primate devotes its time and energy to socializing can vary tremendously within and between species. With a semi-solitary social system\, orangutans present a unique opportunity to examine both social and solitary conditions within a single population to test predictions regarding the costs and benefits of sociality. While the socioecological model predicts that orangutans display reduced sociality compared to other apes\, this should affect individuals differently across life history stages. This research examines the variation in social behavior among age-sex classes in wild orangutans using social interactions\, behavioral and hormonal indicators of stress\, and intestinal parasites to evaluate the reasons orangutans socialize or remain solitary at different times. Adolescent females were found to socialize the most\, to suffer the lowest physiological cost from socializing\, and to employ unique behavioral strategies to mitigate potentially risky social situations. My findings highlight the adolescent period as behaviorally distinct and socially rich for female orangutans who face unique challenges as members of a socially dispersed species with high levels of sexual coercion.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/caitlin-oconnell-the-costs-and-benefits-of-sociality-explored-in-the-semi-solitary-orangutan/
CATEGORIES:2019,Past Presentation,Presentation
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