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DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20110307T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20110307T000000
DTSTAMP:20201013T004821Z
CREATED:20200922T214830Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T004821Z
UID:4162-1299456000-1299456000@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Ivy Pike - Embodying Violence and the Biocultural Approach: What can nomadic herders from Northern Kenya teach us about linking context to global health disparities?
DESCRIPTION:Ivy Pike: University of Arizona Department of AnthropologyGrowing efforts to carefully link social environments to biological experiences have emerged in many disciplines; Anthropology is no exception.  This integrative perspective aims to place bodies in context with a strong awareness of the role gradients of inequality play in shaping population variation in health. While much anthropological research contributes to our understanding of extreme inequality on health (e.g. Farmer 1999\, 2003) less attention has been paid to the precise mechanisms that allow context to be embodied.  The most precise mechanisms derive from evolutionary biology with an emphasis on environment / biology interactions\, especially as they unfold across growth and development.  In this paper\, I draw on a case study of nomadic herders from Northern Kenya to examine the benefits of an evolutionary informed approach to studying global health disparities.  The herding communities experience geopolitical marginalization with endemic violence in the form of AK-47 raids.  Such a backdrop comes with a suite of predictable health indicators but with some noteworthy differences.  These differences are linked to the sociocultural environment and to the community responses to violence.  As such\, they create an opportunity to link context to the biology of inequality in more nuanced ways as an integrative model for global health policy.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/ivy-pike-embodying-violence-and-the-biocultural-approach-what-can-nomadic-herders-from-northern-kenya-teach-us-about-linking-context-to-global-health-disparities/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
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DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20110309T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20110309T000000
DTSTAMP:20201013T004820Z
CREATED:20200922T214836Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T004820Z
UID:4165-1299628800-1299628800@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Michael McCullough - Cognitive Systems for Revenge and Reconciliation
DESCRIPTION:Michael McCullough: University of Miami Department of PsychologyExploitation—the targeted infliction of fitness costs on another organism for the purpose of capturing benefits for the self—is a fact of life for social organisms. Because of its pervasiveness in social life\, natural selection gives rise to deterrence mechanisms (e.g.\, thorns\, toxins\, defensive weaponry) designed to alter potential exploiters’ estimates of the net benefits to come from exploitation. In this talk\, I situate humans’ (and other social animals’) propensities to seek revenge among other naturally selected deterrence mechanisms. Revenge-based deterrence\, however\, can create additional costs\, including those associated with lost access to valuable relationship partners. Consequently\, natural selection gives rise to subsidiary mechanisms designed to (under a fairly restricted set of circumstances) inhibit revenge-based deterrence and signal a willingness to re-establish positive relations. I conceptualize these subsidiary systems as reconciliation (or forgiveness) systems. In this talk\, I introduce several lines of research in which we have: (a) searched for the social conditions that revenge and forgiveness/conciliatory behavior evolved to address\, (b) searched for the computations that underlie these systems\, and (c) sketched out their endocrinological substrates.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/michael-mccullough-cognitive-systems-for-revenge-and-reconciliation/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
END:VEVENT
BEGIN:VEVENT
DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20110328T000000
DTEND;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20110328T000000
DTSTAMP:20201013T004820Z
CREATED:20200922T214836Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T004820Z
UID:4166-1301270400-1301270400@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Edward H. Hagen - Drugs are bad...for pathogens. Testing an alternative to the
DESCRIPTION:Edward H. Hagen: Washington State University Vancouver Department of AnthropologyCurrent neurobiological theory of recreational drug use is based on the observation that all addictive drugs induce changes in activity of dopaminergic circuitry\, interfering with reward processing\, thus enhancing drug seeking and consumption. On this view\, recreational drugs “hijack” evolved reward circuitry.  \nCurrent theory of drug origins\, in contrast\, views almost all major drugs of abuse\, including nicotine\, cocaine and opiates\, as plant neurotoxins that evolved to punish and deter herbivores. According to this latter view\, plants should not have evolved compounds that reward or reinforce plant consumption. Mammals\, in turn\, should not have evolved reinforcement mechanisms easily triggered by toxic substances. Situated in an ecological context\, drug reward is a paradox. \nOne potential resolution of the paradox is that humans\, like other animals\, might have evolved to exploit plant neurotoxins to defend against pathogens. Psychoactive substances\, by definition\, interfere with neural function. Psychoactivity is thus a potential cue of efficacy against pathogens with nervous systems. Specifically\, recreational drug use could be a form of chemoprophylaxis (preventative medicine) or chemotherapy (palliative medicine) against pathogens such as fleas\, ticks\, and helminths. \nThe chemoprophylaxis and chemotherapy hypotheses were examined in a population of Aka foragers in the Central African Republic. The Aka have high levels of helminth infection yet little access to Western anti-worm medicines\, and so might be motivated (consciously or unconsciously) to consume readily available substances that are effective against worms. The plant defensive chemical nicotine\, in particular\, is an effective anthelmintic. Hence\, “recreational” tobacco use\, which is widespread at the study site\, might be a form of self-medication against helminths or other pathogens. \nThe chemoprophylaxis hypothesis predicts that smoking should protect against helminth infection\, an hypothesis tested in a cross sectional study of nicotine exposure vs. worm burden. The chemotherapy hypothesis predicts that smoking should increase upon helminth infection\, and decrease when the infection abates. The latter prediction was tested in a randomized\, double-blind\, placebo-controlled trial involving treatment with albendazole\, a commercial anthelmintic.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/edward-h-hagen-drugs-are-bad-for-pathogens-testing-an-alternative-to-the/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
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