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DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20130304T000000
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DTSTAMP:20201013T004812Z
CREATED:20200922T215703Z
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SUMMARY:Barry Hewlett - Teaching\, Trust\, and Social Learning in Aka Forager Infancy
DESCRIPTION:Barry Hewlett: Washington State University\, VancouverCultural anthropologists Margaret Mead\, David Lancy\, and Barbara Rogoff indicate that teaching does not exist or is rare in small-scale cultures. By contrast\, recent research by cognitive neuroscientists Gyorgy Gergely and Gergely Csibra indicate that one type of teaching\, called natural pedagogy\, is a human universal\, part of human nature\, and not found in the great apes. They hypothesize that this form of teaching emerges in infancy and that it enhances humans’ ability to faithfully transmit “opaque” cultural knowledge\, such the function of a particular tool. Learners evolved to pay attention to particular cues\, such as eye and body movements\, and teachers evolved the skills to convey important information to learners\, such as pointing\, using personal names\, looking at or making sounds about important knowledge. Cognitive science research on natural pedagogy is limited because all of their studies have been conducted in laboratories with Western infants. This study uses videotapes of 10 Aka hunter-gatherer 12-14 month-old infants in naturalistic settings to evaluate the natural pedagogy hypothesis. The study shows that natural pedagogy exists in hunter-gatherers\, but that it occurs relatively infrequently. The study also identifies two other forms of hunter-gatherer teaching—distributed teaching and opportunity scaffolding–that are rare or do not exist in the great apes and occur more frequently than natural pedagogy. The talk suggests that interactions between inherent evolved cognitive mechanisms\, such as natural pedagogy\, and culturally constructed niches of hunter-gatherers that promoted trust\, enhanced social learning and made cumulative culture a distinctive feature of modern Homo sapiens.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/barry-hewlett-teaching-trust-and-social-learning-in-aka-forager-infancy/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
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DTSTART;TZID=America/Los_Angeles:20130306T000000
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CREATED:20200922T215723Z
LAST-MODIFIED:20201013T004812Z
UID:4238-1362528000-1362528000@bec.ucla.edu
SUMMARY:Montserrat Soler - Rituals\, Adaptions and Exaptations: Integrating Conflicting Perspectives on the Evolution of Religion
DESCRIPTION:Montserrat Soler: University of California\, Santa BarbaraIn the last ten years\, there has been a surge of work dedicated to the study of religion from the point of view of evolutionary studies and cognitive science. These accounts of religion are divided into two main areas: one views religious concepts as by-products of other cognitive capacities\, while the other argues that belief and ritual are adaptations that promote intra-group cooperation. A novel way to integrate these approaches is to think of religion as a dynamic system where signalers (religious authorities) and receivers (religious followers) are engaged in a continual interaction of exploitative and cooperative strategies. Here\, I will present this idea in three sections. First\, I will describe how investigating the costs and benefits of religious authority and the receiver psychology of religious followers can help us understand why people believe and how those beliefs are transformed into directives for both cooperative and maladaptive behavior. Second\, I will present results from an agent-based simulation model that explores the success and failure of individual signaling strategies in different conditions. In the model\, different religious systems may function as risk-pooling enterprises in variable environments where leaders and followers alternate honest and dishonest signaling to compete for available resources. Finally\, data from an African diasporic religion will be presented to explore the relationship between religious leadership\, status and intra-group cooperation and to indicate directions for future research.
URL:https://bec.ucla.edu/event/montserrat-soler-rituals-adaptions-and-exaptations-integrating-conflicting-perspectives-on-the-evolution-of-religion/
CATEGORIES:Past Presentation,Presentation
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